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11-May-2021 | 26-Mar-2026

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Ai-Akadiru - ko'a tua
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Foto ai-akadiru (“kakala” ho lian Fataluku) sira-ne’e hasai iha munisípiu Lautem iha tinan 2015. 
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These photos of lontar palms (“kakala” in Fataluku language) were taken in the municipality of Lautem in 2015.
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26-Jan-2015
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126.4535611,-8.46246944 - GDA94

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Palms of Timor-Leste A list of some of the most commonly found palm varieties in Timor-Leste, with their scientific/botanical, Tetun and indigenous Timorese names. Lista ai (palmeira, akadiru/tua metan nst) komún iha Timor-Leste ho naran sientífiku/lian Tetun no lian indíjenu. 11-May-2021
Subsistence archaeobotany: food production and the agricultural transition in East Timor (PhD thesis, ANU, 2008) Chapter 6: The modern collection of plant specimens Summary: The Archaeobotany of East Timor’s early subsistence practices has not previously been the target of systematic and comprehensive research, and this is the main purpose of this doctoral thesis. The project aims at investigating early plant food management and the introduction of agriculture in East Timor, using charred plant remains from archaeological sites as a direct line of evidence. East Timor’s economy today relies mostly on subsistence farming practices, involving a diversified array of food products from different origins. Amongst the most widely distributed, maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), originated in the American tropics and are known to have been introduced after the XVI century, with the first European (Portuguese) colonial contacts. Rice (Oryza sativa) was most probably domesticated in eastern Asia, and is believed to have been introduced to Timor some time within the last 4000 years. Many fruits and nuts (such as Canarium sp., Artocarpus spp., the breadfruit, and Pandanus sp.), as well as different members of the Dioscoreaceae and Araceae families (Dioscorea alata and D. hispida yams, and taro, Colocasia esculenta), are also widely used and may have been so since the early‐ or the mid‐Holocene. The history of plant management and agricultural origins in the wider region has been mostly investigated through more indirect proxies, such as animal domesticates, pottery and pollen records. In East Timor, the first pottery and animal domesticates appear in the archaeological record around 3800‐3600 BP and are generally accepted as being associated with the introduction of full agricultural practices. However, with the exception of Ian Glover’s seminal work in the 1960s, very few plant remains from archaeological sites have ever been reported. The main corpus of this project is based on the recovery, identification, and interpretation of macrobotanical plant remains recovered during two archaeological fieldwork seasons, carried out by the author in East Timor in 2004 and 2005. Macrobotanical assemblages derived from excavations by Sue O’Connor, Matthew Spriggs and Peter Veth and not previously analysed, are also incorporated in the study, and plant remains reported by Glover reassessed. With one exception – which does not contradict the general picture – results obtained confirm the absence of rice or millets in any of the excavated assemblages, suggesting that none of these crops were introduced to East Timor with the first pottery or animal domesticates. They have arrived only in a later period, possibly within the last 2000‐1500 years, when the caves iv investigated were no longer being systematically used for habitation purposes. The macrobotanical analysis undertaken also suggests that a range of fruits and tubers have been in use in Timor since the early‐ to mid‐Holocene, and that plant exploitation probably goes back as far as ca. 40 ky before present. The method of recovery of plant remains used in the field, based on comprehensive flotation and wet‐sieving techniques, shows that it is indeed possible to unearth macrobotanical assemblages from tropical and semi‐tropical archaeological environments. Systematic comparison between archaeological specimens and a modern reference collection, based on morphological and anatomical binomial attributes and the use of both light‐powered bifocal and scanning electron microscopes, allows for positive identification of charred plant remains. The adoption of these techniques by archaeologists needs to become standard research practice across the region if we are to successfully address issues of past plant management and agricultural origins. 01-Jan-2008
Te’in tua-metan hodi apoia vida moris iha Timor-Leste: ekolojia prátika sira tuir kultura Fataluku / Distilling Livelihoods in Timor-Leste: Fataluku ecologies of practice Sumáriu: Ho referénsia ba ekonomia tua-metan / akadiru oioin ne’ebé eziste iha fatin barak iha Indonézia, ensaiu ne’e foka ba kontribuisaun tua metan nia produsaun ba vida moris iha komunidade Fataluku nian iha munisípiu Lautem, Timor-Leste. Ha’u argumenta katak kultura tradisionál Fataluku nian mak reforsa papél importante tua-metan nian iha ekonomia ho forma rua: halo to’os no hili ai-han fuik. Tua metan ne’e nia importánsia mak hanesan fonte ai-been midar no tua-metan lokál ne’ebé kontribui ho forma oioin ba vida sosiál, rendimentu tuir tempu/estasaun no prátika kulturál sira. --------------- Distilling livelihoods in Timor-Leste: Fataluku ecologies of practice Abstract This paper takes its lead from the justly celebrated monograph by James J. Fox, entitled, Harvest of the Palm: ecological change in eastern Indonesia (1977). Part colonial history, part striking comparison of livelihood ecologies, Fox’s work drew attention to the diverse contribution of sugar palm economies among the different ethno-linguistic communities of south-eastern Indonesia. At the heart of the Harvest of the Palm is an argument that centres on the contrasting ecologies of two orientations to livelihoods. One approach celebrates the many benefits of low impact and sustainable lontar palm economies on the islands of Rote and Savu. The second approach foregrounds the destructive ‘slash and burn’ maize economies in the neighbouring Islands of Sumba and Timor. In this paper I draw on this compelling contrast to offer a comparative, middle path perspective; one that focuses the role and practice of sugar palm production and liquor distilling among Fataluku practitioners in eastern Timor, but in a context of strong farming practices focused on seasonal maize and rice production. I argue that the strength of Fataluku traditions reinforces the role of the sugar palm as a vital component in a mixed economy of livelihood foraging and farming. The paper also showcases the intrinsic role of the sugar palm economy among Fataluku communities across diverse realms of sociality and cultural practices. 20-Jan-0021
Timorese Plant Names and their Origins (Naran Ai-horis Timor no Nia Orijen) Disionáriu naran ba ai-horis Timor nian. 10-May-2006